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英语备考关键之重点词汇辨析(七)(2)

2010-01-11 13:19:14  来源:网络资源 文章作者:匿名

  67. no, not


  no = not a/any no friend = not a/any friend no water = not any water


  no,not


  这两个词在词义和使用场合上都有所不同。


  No可以作副词,也可以作名词和形容词;not只能用作副词。现将它们各种用法分述如下,以便比较:


  作副词时,no有下列两种用法:


  (一)作为yes的反义词,用在回答问题的场合,表示“不”的意思。例:


  No,I won't go to the casino.


  不,我不去赌场。


  (二)用在比较级之前,表示“并不”之意。例:


  The weather today is no better than it was yesterday.


  今天的天气并不比昨天好。


  用作形容词时,no表示not any的意味。例:


  There is no(=not any)time to lose.


  时不可失。


  注:当no用作形容词时,可直接放在名词之前,如果名词的前面有a、any、much、many、enough等词,就要改用not,不用no,因为not是副词,只有副词才有资格修饰a、any、much、many、enough等词。因此,我们说:


  I have no money.或I have not any money.


  作名词时,no表示“否定”的意思。例:


  Two noes make a yes.


  否定的否定就是肯定。


  Not可用于


  (一)修饰动词:


  I do not know any of them.


  这些人我一个都不认识。


  (二)修饰形容词:


  It's not cold today.


  今天天气不冷。


  (三)修饰不定冠词:


  Three decades ago not a year passed without a number of people falling victims to hunger here.


  三十年前,这里每年都有不少人死于饥荒。


  (四)修饰副词:


  Not seldom did I go to Victoria Park while I stayed in Causeway Bay.


  我住在铜锣湾期间常到维多利亚公园去。


  (五)修饰连词:


  They are working hard not because they want to make money but because they know what they are working for.


  他们在努力工作其原因并非是为了赚钱,而是在于他们知道为何而工作。


  请注意下面no和not的区别:


  Mr.Chen is no fool.


  陈先生决不是傻瓜。


  Mr.Chen is not a fool.


  陈先生不是傻瓜。


  He is no good at tennis.


  他的网球打得很不好。


  He is not good at tennis.


  他的网球打得不好。


  I have no more than ten dollars.


  我只有十元钱。


  I have not more than ten dollars.


  我有不超过十元钱。


  68. no more than, not more than


  no more than 相当于 only,仅仅,只有,not more than 至多,不超过


  no more than 不比什么什么(两者否定)


  He is no more clever than me.他和我都挺笨的。


  not more than 不比……怎么样 后者不一定否定


  She is not more beautiful than me.她比我丑


  no more than的习惯用法:合用时表示“只不过、至多、仅仅、就是”;分开用时表示“和……一样、正如……一样”。


  例1:He always looks down upon others, but he himself is no more than nobody.(他总是瞧不起别人,但其实他自己只不过是个庸人而已。)


  例2:He is no more deligent than I am.(他和我一样不勤奋。)


  not more than=less than:不多于,少于


  例:The experiment was done by nor more than 5 persons.(做这个试验的人不到5个)


  not less than=more than多


  请看下面的功课:


  You are _________ careful than your brother. You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill.


  A. not more


  B. no more


  C. not less


  D. no less


  【分析】要做对此题,首先要正确理解以下结构的含义:


  not more … than = 不如……


  no more … than = 和……一样不 (否定两者)


  not less … than = 不如……不 (即指不如 less 后形容词的反面)


  no less … than = 和……一样 (肯定两者)


  比较以下各句的意思:


  You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。


  You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。


  You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。


  You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细(你比他粗心)。


  You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细(你不如他粗心)。


  You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。


  通过以上分析,再结合句子语境,可知此题较好答案为B


  69. majority, most


  majority 只能修饰可数名词,most 可数不可数均可 the majority of people


  most adj.较多的, 多数的, 大部分的


  adv.较, 较多, 很, 十分, 较, 较大的, 其中大多数, 极其


  n.大多数, 大部分


  majority n.多数, 大半


  n.[律] 成年


  从词性就可以分析出二者的区别


  most在作名词的时候,可以和majority互换


  通常majority = most people/most part


  most


  a.


  1. (many, much的更高级)较多的;较高程度的


  Which of you has made the most mistakes?


  你们当中谁错得较多?


  2. 多数的;大部分的


  Most birds can fly.


  多数的鸟会飞。


  pron.


  1. 较大量,较多数,较高额[the S]


  I did the most I could.


  我已尽较大的努力去做了。


  2. 大部分,大多数[(+of)]


  Of course most of them don't agree with his opinion.


  当然,他们中大多数人都不同意他的意见。


  ad.


  1. (用以构成形容词或副词的更高级)较


  Of the three questions, this is the most difficult.


  三个问题中这是较难的。


  2. (much的更高级)较多,较大程度地


  She gave money most generously.


  她付钱较大方。


  3. 非常,很


  It is really most unfortunate.


  这真是太不幸了。


  4. 【美】【口】差不多,几乎


  majority


  n.


  1. 多数,过半数,大多数[the S][G][(+of)]


  The majority were on Ben's side.


  大多数人都站在本的一边。


  2. 多数党,多数派[the S]


  The Democrats became the majority in the election.


  民主党在这次选举中变成了多数党。


  3. 多得的票数[C][S1]


  He won by a majority of two: the vote was seven to five.


  他以两票多数获胜:票数是七比五。


  4. 【律】成人;成年[U]


  A person reaches his majority at the age of 21.


  一个人二十一岁达到法定成年。


  5. 少校军阶[U]


  70. by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself


  by oneself 单独的,独自的,for oneself 为自己,to oneself 供自己用的,of oneself 自行的,


  自动的 The door opened of itself.


  by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself


  这四个词组的意义有所不同。


  By oneself的意思是“单独地”、“靠自己地”( alone or independently)。例:


  His father lives by himself in the village.


  他的父亲独自一个人住在村里。


  All his friends have deserted him and he is all by himself now.


  他所有的朋友都离弃他,现在他孤独一人。


  For oneself的意义为“为自己”(for himself or for herself)。例:


  One should not live only for oneself.


  人不应单为自己而活。


  In oneself的意思是“就其本身或本性而言”。例:


  This wood is hard in itself.


  这种木头本要就是硬的。


  Of oneself的意思是“自然地”、“自发地”、“自动地”(of one's own accord)。例:


  Every day I awake of myself at half past five.


  每天早上我都是五点半就自己醒来。 诊断大


  The door opened of itself.


  门是自己开的。


  The fire went out of itself.


  火自己熄灭了。


  与上列四个短语相类似的还有两个词组,即beside oneself和 to oneself,前者义:“失常”、“发狂”;后者是“独自占有或享用”。例:


  He was beside himself with joy.


  他欣喜若狂。


  When one dines in a restaurant,one likes a table to oneself.


  人们在饭店吃饭时,总是喜欢独占一桌。


  Oneself和 one's self的区别也是值得我们注意的。Oneself是反身强调代词,意指自己;one's self则是代词加名词,意指个人的本性。它们的区别如同myself和my self;yourself和your self ;himself和his self;ourselves 和our selves ;themselves和their selves一样。例:


  She made a cup of tea for herself.


  她为自己烧了一杯茶。


  She looked just like her old self.


  她看上去和从前依然一模一样。


  请注意,myself可以在句中表示me的涵义,这是其他反身代词所没有的特性。例:


  They invited my father and myself(=me)to their party.


  他们邀请我父亲和我参加他们的聚会。


  He saw neither myself nor Mary in the street.


  在马路上他既没有看见我,也没有看见玛丽
 

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