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小学生英语知识点:形容词(1)

2016-11-27 10:33:08  来源:网络整理


  

  形容词(1)


  1.形容词的位置:


  代名形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词


  再细分如下:


  1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such…)+2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any…)+3序数(first, second…)+4基数(one, two…)+5性质、状态(kind, fine, good…)+6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big…)+7新旧、温度(old, new, hot…)+8颜色(red, blue…)+9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese…)+10材料(iron, brick, stone…)+11名词、动名词(boy, house…)


  2.some和any的用法:


  (1)两者修饰可数单数名词,表某一个;任何一个; 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词,表一些;有些。


  〔2)一般的用法:some用于肯定句;any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句。


  I am looking for some matches.


  Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.


  (3)特殊的用法:


  (A)在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some。


  Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)


  (B)any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句。


  Come any day you like.


  (4)some和any后没有名词时,当做代名词, 此外两者也可做副词。


  Some of them are my students.〔代名词)


  Is your mother any better?(副词)


  3.many和much的用法:


  (1)many修饰复数可数名词,表许多; much修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。


  He has many friends, but few true ones.


  There hasn‘t been much good weather recently.


  (2)many a:


  many a和many同义,但语气比较强,并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。


  Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)


  (3)as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like时, 只用so many。


  These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.


  They worked like so many ants.


  (4)as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。


  He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)


  I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)


  (5)many和much之后不接名词时,作为代名词;另外much也可用副词。


  Many of them were very tired.


  I don’t eat much for lunch. 〔代名词)


  He is much taller than I. (副词〕


  4. (a) few和(a) little的用法:


  (1)(a) few用在复数可数名词之前,(a)little用在不可数名词之前。


  He took a few biscuits. (=several)


  He took few biscuits(=not many)


  He took a little butter. (=some)


  He took little butter. (=not much)


  (2)few可由bardly any或almost no所取代,含否定的意味。


  The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.


  Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.


  (3)a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。


  He has a few (=some or several) friends.


  (4)a little和little之间的差别,就和a few和few的差别一样,只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。


  He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.


  He is not much better, but there is a little hope.


  5.其他的数量形容词:


  (1)plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。


  The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(复数名词)


  The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可数名词)


  (2)a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表(量), 修饰不可数名词。


  The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可数名词)


  The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可数名词)


  The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)


  The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可数名词)


  The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)


  The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可数名词)


  (3)a number of “许多;一些”;a great (large, good) number of “许多”,修饰复数可数名词,并且要与复数动词连用。


  A number of books are missing from the library.


  The number of books from the library is large.


  (the number of +复数名词←→单数动词)


  The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(复数可数名词)


  (4)enough的用法:


  (A)可接复数可数名词和不可数名词。


  There are enough chairs. (可数)


  There is enough furniture. (不可数)


  (B)可放在年修饰名词的前后。


  We don‘t have enough time. =We don’t have time enough.


  (5)hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +复数可数名词


  冠词或数词(one, two…) + (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词


  (6)the rest of “其余的”, 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词,作主词时,接可数名词则用复数动词,接不可数名词则用单数动词。


  The rest of the students are absent. (复数可数名词)


  The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词)


  注:the rest作代名词, 等于 the others, 和复数动词连用。


  6. 不可名词量的表示语:


  (1)不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语,表示数的观念。其公式为:


  数词+单位词+of+不可数名词


  (2)各类表单位的形容词片语。


  (A)物质名词:


  a piece (suit) of armour;


  a piece (slice) of cake;


  a piece (an article) of furniture;


  a piece of jewelry;


  a piece (sheet) of paper;


  a cake of soap;


  a piece (slice) of bacon;


  a piece (stick) of chalk;


  a bit (blade) of grass;


  a piece (strip) of land;


  a bit (grain) of rice;


  a bowl of soup;


  (B)抽象名词


  a word of abuse;


  an item (a bit) of business;


  an attack of fever;


  a bit (an amount) of interest;


  a fit of passion;


  a piece (word) of advice;


  a piece of evidence;


  a piece (an item) of information;


  a piece (an item) of news;


  (C)自然现象:


  a flash of lightening;


  a bolt of thunder;


  7.名词种类的表示语:kind of, sort of, type of,


  (1)三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词,其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。


  What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?


  I don‘t like that sort of game.


  (2)kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.


  I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.


  (3)比较下列用法:(加*表非正式用法)


  I don’t like this (*those) kind of person.


  I don‘t like many (or these) kinds of roses.


  I like this kind of flower.


  I like flowers of this kind.


  I like *these kind of flowers.


  I like this kind of roses.


  I like roses of this kind. (置名词后更强调种类)


  I like roses of these kinds.(置名词后更强调种类)


  8.数词:


  (1)基数(Cardinal numerals):one, two, three…


  (A)除one接单数名词外,其余均接复数名词。


  He has one sister and three brothers.


  (B)hundred的后面须加and(但可以省略)。


  12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;


  (2)序数(Ordinal mumerals):first, second, third…


  (A)序数前面必须附以定冠词。而a second, a third等,则是another的意思。


  (B)日期多用序数。


  It’s on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th)。


  (C)序数的简体。


  9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;


  (3)分数:


  (A)分数的表示法:先进,分子用基数,分母用序数。第二,分子大于2时,分母须加“s”以形成复数。


  1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;


  (B)分数可接与不可数名词;所接的名词是单数,则与单数动词连用,是复数则与复数动词连用。


  A third of the peach was bad.


  A third of the bananas were bad.


  (4)倍数词:常用的有half, double, treble(三倍)等。


  (A)half a, a half, half the +名词,表(一半的)。


  He ran a half mile in half an hour.


  He ran half a mile in half an hour.


  I have read half the book.


  (B)half还可作名词,代名词及副词。


  Two halves make a whole. (名词)


  This is half as much again as that. (副词)


  (C)倍数常用的表达法:


  (half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times…) +定冠词或所有形容词+名词或所有代名词


  I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.


  That window is three times the size of this.


  9. “数词+名词”结合而成的形容词:


  (1)数词+名词=形容词


  a five-dollar bill;


  two three-hour periods;


  the Three-power Conference(三强会议);


  (2)数词+名词+形容词=形容词


  a six-year-old boy;


  a three-hundred-year-old tree;


  注:上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结,而且其中的名词要用单数形式。


  (3)名词(无冠词)+基数=the +序数+名词


  World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;


  Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;


  Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;


  Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;


  Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;


  Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;


  cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;


  这几种用法,非专有名词,可不用大写,但等号两边须一致。〕


  (4)“数词+复数名词”作主词,虽为复数形,但强调单一性,则用单数动词。若强调一个一个的个别数,则用复数动词。


  Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.


  Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.


  cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.


  10. 各种数字的读法:


  (1)年号的读法:


  1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;


  (2)电话号码;货币的读法:


  1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);


  (3)小数点的读法:


  13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;


  (4)算术式的读法:


  2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.


  5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.


  3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.


  9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.

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